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The liver performs many functions that are critical to life. Among these are the processing of foods and other substances absorbed from the intestinal tract and the subsequent delivery of processed nutrients to other organs in the body. The liver is also an integral contributor of immunity that protects mammals from harmful pathogens. In addition to its immunological roles, it is the main organ where exogenous chemicals are metabolized, a process that hastens their excretion into bile and urine.
As a consequence, liver cells are exposed to significant concentrations of these chemicals and their metabolites, some of which can cause liver dysfunction. Many industrial chemicals, plant toxins, environmental pollutants, food-borne agents, herbal remedies, and drugs (both pharmaceutical and recreational) are known to be hepatotoxic. In the pharmaceutical industry, adverse effects on the liver are one of the most frequent reasons for discontinuing the development of drug candidates and withdrawal of drugs from the market (Temple and Himmel,; Stickel et al., ). Although many hepatotoxic chemicals have been identified in the last several decades and much has been learned about mechanisms by which liver toxicity occurs, liver injury from various chemicals continues to present major health concerns.
The liver comprises several cell types, each with different functions, and it is nourished by a blood supply that is unique in the body. Knowledge of liver physiology and anatomy not only lends insight as to how the liver functions but also provides the underpinnings for understanding how hepatotoxicants cause liver dysfunction. Therefore, our journey begins with an overview of liver anatomy and physiology. Next, the repertoire of hepatic responses to toxic insult and the various ways of classifying and monitoring liver injury are discussed. Chemical-induced liver injury is typically initiated by one or more critical events, such as formation of a toxic metabolite, which trigger intracellular responses that can progress to dysfunction or death of hepatic parenchymal cells (i.e., HPCs, hepatocytes). These intrahepatocellular events can in turn prompt secondary events involving activation of nonparenchymal cells that magnify or attenuate the initial injury.
These events typically determine whether injury progresses to liver failure or to repair of damage. Mechanisms by which such intra- and extrahepatocellular events occur will be discussed in the context of examples of specific chemicals that cause liver injury. Finally, environmental and genetic factors that influence risk of hepatotoxicity from chemical exposure and how these factors determine individual sensitivity to intoxication will be considered.
Author:Curtis D. KlaassenISBN:752Genre:MedicalFile Size:42.97 MBFormat:PDF, ePub, MobiDownload:477Read:781Toxicology’s gold-standard text - completely updated to reflect the latest breakthroughs and discoveries Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Ninth Edition equips you with an unsurpassed understanding of modern toxicology, including the key principles, concepts, mechanisms, chemical-specific toxicity, and modes of thought that are the foundation of the discipline. This trusted classic not only delivers a comprehensive review of the essential components of toxicology, it offers the most up-to-date, revealing, and in-depth look at the systemic responses of toxic substance available anywhere. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Ninth Edition is logically divided into seven sections:.General Principles of Toxicology.Disposition of Toxicants.Non-Organ Directed Toxicity.Target Organ Toxicity.Toxic Agents.Environmental Toxicology.Applications of Toxicology Many new contributors capture the progress made in toxicology over the past few years:This edition is markedly updated from the previous edition, with more than one-third of the chapters authored by scientists who have not made previous contributions to the book. Author:Michael E. PetersonISBN:879Genre:MedicalFile Size:72.38 MBFormat:PDF, ePub, MobiDownload:196Read:1145This revised and expanded reference is a valuable aid for the practicing veterinary clinician in diagnosing and determining treatment for toxic exposures in small animals, and for veterinary students as a supplement to their classroom instruction.
It contains chapters addressing nontraditional areas of toxicology not covered in conventional toxicology texts. It also covers areas of toxicology which seem basic but are rarely discussed, such as taking a toxicological history, establishing a minimum database, providing supportive care, and managing emergency treatment of the poisoned patient. The book is organized into three sections, including 20 new chapters and new topics such as grapes and raisins, lilies, 'Christmas time' plants, mercury, and accidental poisoning in non-traditional pets. Author:Curtis KlaassenISBN:228Genre:MedicalFile Size:46.60 MBFormat:PDF, KindleDownload:857Read:469The most trusted all-in-one overview of the biomedical and environmental aspects of toxicology-NOW more complete, up-to-date, and in full color The world's leading and most authoritative textbook on poisons has more to offer students,toxicologists, and pharmacologists than ever before.
Korean remix songs mp3 download. Now in full color, and thoroughly revised, the eighth edition of Casarett & Doull's TOXICOLOGY: The Basic Science of Poisons not only delivers a comprehensive review of the essential components of toxicology, it offers the most up-to-date, revealing, and in-depth look at the systemic responses of toxic substance available anywhere. Combined with the latest thinking by the field's foremost scholars plus solid coverage of general principles, modes of action, and chemical-specific toxicity, this landmark text continues to set the standard for toxicology references. NEW to the Eighth Edition FULL-COLOR design to allow for a clearer interpretation of the basic components of toxicology featured throughout the text EXPANDED tables, illustrations, and other visuals are updated with state-of-the-art standards that makes this edition even more current and relevant DVD with image bank features all tables and illustrations from the text in presentation-ready format NEW CHAPTERS include 'Toxic Effects of Calories' and 'Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles'. Author:Stanley E. ManahanISBN:Genre:ScienceFile Size:76.51 MBFormat:PDF, DocsDownload:433Read:826This unique book bridges the gap between toxicology and chemistry at a level understandable by a wide spectrum of readers with various interests and a broad range of backgrounds in chemistry, biochemistry, and toxicology.
The third edition has been thoroughly updated and expanded to reflect recent advances in important areas of research, including toxicogenetics and toxic effects on various body systems. Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry, Third Edition begins by outlining the basic concepts of general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry needed to understand the topics in the book. The author then presents an overview of environmental chemistry so that you can understand the remainder of the material covered within that framework. He also discusses biodegradation, bioaccumulation, and biochemical processes that occur in water and soil. The new chapter on toxic effects considers toxicities to the endocrine and reproductive systems, and the section on xenobiotics analysis deals with the determination of toxicants and their metabolites in blood and other biological materials.
The chapter on the genetic aspects of toxicology discusses the ways in which chemical damage to DNA can cause mutations, cancer, and other toxic effects on specific body systems, and it considers the role of genetics in determining individual susceptibilities to various toxicants. Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry, Third Edition retains the basic information and structure that made the first two editions popular with students and industry professionals, while enhancing the usefulness of the book and modernizing it in important areas. Review questions and supplementary references at the end of each chapter round out the third edition of this bestselling work.
Author:Curtis KlaassenISBN:513Genre:MedicalFile Size:75.4 MBFormat:PDF, DocsDownload:637Read:892The most complete, trusted reference text covering the full span of medical toxicology A Doody's Core Title ESSENTIAL PURCHASE for 2011! 'This reference stands alone as the basic text in the field of toxicology. This authoritative reference is written by many distinguished professionals in the field, and offers clear, concise descriptions of the key concepts in toxicology. It is extensive and complete, covering a broad range of topics in sufficient detail.
Both as a reference and as an educational tool, this book exceeds its goal of serving as a reference for toxicologists, other scientists, and students of the discipline.Doody's Review Service Long established as the gold standard in the field, Casarett & Doull's Toxicology equips you with an unsurpassed understanding of modern toxicology, including the principles, concepts, mechanisms, and modes of thought that are the foundation of the discipline. The new seventh edition features is updated throughout and includes many new contributors and new content on chemical terrorism. Author:Konnie PlumleeISBN:346Genre:MedicalFile Size:46.96 MBFormat:PDF, MobiDownload:563Read:1033This book covers all aspects of toxicology, including toxic diseases of large animals, small animals, and exotic pets. Manic street preachers music videos.
It provides key information on how poisons affect the body, how the body responds to a foreign substance, how poisonings are diagnosed, and how poisonings are treated. Coverage includes every organ system of every species of animal with details on each body system's susceptibility to poison. Poisons affect animals differently depending on species, breed, age, gender, health status, and reproductive status. This resource addresses these differences, allowing the veterinarian to determine the class of toxicant, the mechanism of action, and the proper course of treatment. If confronted with an unknown poison, the information in this book will assist the veterinarian in formulating a list of potential poisons based on the clinical signs that the animal is exhibiting, and in choosing the appropriate tests to narrow the list to one or a few possible poisons. Author:Andreas LuchISBN:Genre:MedicalFile Size:73.24 MBFormat:PDF, DocsDownload:600Read:1233Molecular Toxicology is the first volume of a three-volume set Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology that offers a comprehensive and in-depth response to the increasing importance and abundance of chemicals in daily life. By providing intriguing insights far down to the molecular level, this work covers the entire range of modern toxicology with special emphasis on recent developments and achievements.
It is written for students and professionals in medicine, science, public health and engineering who are demanding reliable information on toxic or potentially harmful agents and their adverse effects on the human body. Author:Ramesh C. GuptaISBN:Genre:MedicalFile Size:64.60 MBFormat:PDF, ePub, MobiDownload:209Read:204Veterinary Toxicology, 2nd edition is a unique single reference that teaches the basic principles of veterinary toxicology and builds upon these principles to offer an essential clinical resource for those practicing in the field. This reference book is thoroughly updated with new chapters and the latest coverage of topics that are essential to research veterinary toxicologists, students, professors, clinicians and environmentalists. Key areas include melamine and cyanuric acid, toxicogenomics, veterinary medical geology, toxic gases, toxicity and safety evaluation of new veterinary pharmaceuticals and much more. The 2nd edition of this popular book represents the collective wisdom of leading contributors worldwide and continues to fill an undeniable need in the literature relating to veterinary toxicology.
New chapters covering important and timely topics such as melamine and cyanuric acid, toxicogenomics, toxic gases and veterinary medical geology Expanded look at international topics, such as epidemiology of animal poisonings, regulatory guidelines and poisonous plants in Europe Heavily contributed book with chapters written by qualified and well-experienced authorities across all areas of veterinary toxicology Problem solving strategies are offered for treatment as well as in-depth knowledge of the basic mechanisms of veterinary toxicology. Author:Frederick T. FraunfelderISBN:850Genre:MedicalFile Size:84.46 MBFormat:PDF, KindleDownload:346Read:830Ideal for ophthalmologists, optometrists and busy clinicians, Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects provides the clinically relevant information you need to diagnose and manage chemical and drug-related ocular problems. An easily accessible format, meticulous revisions and comprehensive coverage of all drugs’ generic and trade names, primary uses, ocular and systemic side effects, and clinical significance make this best-selling resource the ideal reference for quick, on-the-spot consultation.
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Historically, respiratory toxicology is a keystone of medicine, dating back to Hippocrates. In his medical thesis On Airs, Waters, and Places, Hippocrates recommended that physicians evaluate local atmospheres to discover the causes of diseases (Adams, ). In 1661, John Evelyn appealed to the English King and Parliament for relief from the poor air quality of London that was a result of the burning of “sea-coale” (a brown coal likely enriched in sulfur that washed up on the banks of the River Thames (Evelyn, ). This situation continued and became worse in the 19th century when the Industrial Revolution quickened awareness of respiratory toxicology due to air pollutions (see ). Later, Bernardino Ramazzini proposed that clinicians evaluate the relationships between occupational atmospheres and disease pathogenesis, starting a long history of respiratory toxicology in occupational medicine. He observed that “corruption of the atmosphere” can be at the origin of many respiratory diseases.
In his work De Morbis Artificum Diatriba ( Diseases of Workers) (1713), he writes: “Miners who maintain an almost daily contact with evil powders in the earth's depths have lungs which absorb mineral exhalations and must be the first to suffer the attack of poisonous fumes. The mortality rate of miners is very high and, as a proof of this, we remember that their wives re-marry many times.” Supporting the concept of exposure, he continues: “It is not only miners working in mines who run the risk of dying from diseases due to metals: so do many others working around mines.” He also supported the concept of prevention over treatment stating “Prevention is better than cure, just as it is better, on seeing storm arrive, to get under cover than to suffer its damages” (Bisetti, ).
Contents.Disease EntityToxic optic neuropathy (TON) refers to visual impairment due to optic nerve damage caused by a toxin (1). Toxic optic neuropathy is characterized by bilateral, usually symmetric vision loss, papillomacular bundle damage, central or cecocentral scotoma, and reduced color vision. This disease is often underdiagnosed or often diagnosed at a stage when recovery of vision is not possible (2).EpidemiologyThe prevalence of toxic optic neuropathy varies among drug type and duration of usage. The effects are also usually dose-dependent.EtiologyAny toxins, including drugs, metals, organic solvents, methanol, carbon dioxide, and tobacco. Figure 1.Swinging flashlight test for relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD).Direct ophthalmoscopy of the optic nerve and retinaSigns (2).No RAPD, when bilateral disease.Normal, swollen, or hyperemic optic disc in early detection.Temporal optic disc pallor in late detection.Centrocecal scotoma in visual fields with preservation of the peripheral field. In rare cases, however, the peripheral field may be involved in case of Ethambutol causing bitemporal hemianopsia(16).Decreased visual acuity.Greater impairment of blue/yellow hue discrimination than red/green if the drug targets a loss of perifoveal visual field.Greater impairment of red/green hue discrimination than blue/yellow if the drug affects pathways dense in foveal cones.Photophobia.Abnormal Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP) or Electroretinogram (ERG).